This lab includes a theoretical explanation of how buffers work and how they are made, including a derivation of the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. Students will use what they have learned to ...

This lab includes the complete titration procedure used to investigate how well a buffer resists changes in pH. Prepare a buffer solution by accurately calculating and measuring the required amounts ...

Drifting electrodes, unstable readings, uncertainty around buffer selection – pH measurement errors are rarely caused by ...

The pH meters are electronic devices designed to measure the acidity or alkalinity by detecting the voltage produced by a ...

Biopharmaceutical production depends on buffers. Making sure the right buffer solutions are available, in the right place on the manufacturing line, at the right time, and in the right quantity, is a ...

A pH meter measures a pH or the acidity/alkalinity of substances. Most pH meters rely on a glass electrode that measures the number of hydrogen ions in the solution. Usually, pH meters need to be ...