Born in food web ecology, the concept of trophic levels — the hierarchy of who eats who in the natural world — is an elegant way to understand how biomass and energy move through a natural system.

The trophic level of an organism is the position it occupies in a food web. A food chain is a succession of organisms that eat other organisms and may, in turn, be eaten themselves. The trophic level ...

Just published in PeerJ Life & Environment, a new research article by Professor Mark Costello (Nord University) and Doctor Han-Yang Lin (University of Auckland) unveils a comprehensive analysis of the ...